????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????
*??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? “?????” ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? (E = mc²) ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? (C) ?? ??????.
*???? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ??????.
*????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? *scientific method ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? (??? ?????? ?????? ??????)? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???.
???????*?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? 10 ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????.
????? ???????? ?????? –

?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????. ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? Edwin Hubble ?Georges Lemaitre ?Albert Einstein ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? 14 ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????.
?????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? Arno Penzias ?Robert Wilson ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? cosmic microwave background radiation ?? ??? 1965? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? “??????? Background”. ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? Radio Telescope ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????.
[???????? ????*1 2 3 4]
????? ???? ?????? ?????? – Hubble’s Law of Cosmic Expansion

????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? Edwin Hubble ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? recession.
*?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???*??? (velocity = H × distance) ???????? ??velocity ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? H ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?distance ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? 70 ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? Megaparsec (?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? 31 ??????? ???????).
*?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????.*. [???????? ????*1*2*3*4]
?????? ???? ????? ??????? – Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? Johannes Kepler ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????.

??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? (???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????). ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? (?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????) ?????? ?? ?????? (??? ??? ??????) ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????.*[???????? ???? 1 2 3]
????? ????? ????? – Universal Law of Gravitation

?? ???? ????????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? 300 ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? [F = G × [(m1m2)/r²]? ??? ??? F ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? M1 ?M2 ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?r ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? G ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????.
*
*???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????.*[???????? ???? 1*2*3]
?????? ????? ?????? – Newton’s Laws of Motion

?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????: F = m × a ??? ????? F ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?M ?? ???? ????? ?a ?? ???? ????? (????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????).
*??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????.*[???????? ???? 1*2*3]
?????? ?????????? ???????? – Laws of Thermodynamics

???????? ??????????? ?????????? C.P. Snow ??? ??? ????: “?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????”? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????.
*?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? Snow ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????:
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
*?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? Snow ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? (?? ???????? ???? ????? ??? E=mc²) ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? (????????). ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? (????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????) ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????.
*???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????. ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????.
*?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? -273.15 ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? (?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ???????) ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???. ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??2.7 ?????.*[???????? ???? 1*2*3*4*5*6*7]
???? ??????? ????? – Archimedes’ Buoyancy Principle

??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? Eureka ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ???. ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????.*[???????? ???? 1 2 3 4 5]
????? ?????? ????????? ??????? – Evolution and Natural Selection

??? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????. ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? “?????” ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? “???????” ????? ?? ??????? ????????.
???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????????. ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????.*[???????? ???? 1*2*3*4*5*6*7*8]*
??????? ??????? ?????? – Theory of General Relativity

????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? *?? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????.
*?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??*??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????.
????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????*????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? – ????? ?????.
??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????.*[???????? ???? 1 2 3 4]
???? ???????? ????????? – Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? (???????? ???????)? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????. ?? ??? 1927 ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? Werner Heisenberg ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? “???????” ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???????.
*?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? *Niels Bohr ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? wave-particle duality ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????.*[???????? ???? 1*2*3*4]
????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????




[h=3]??????: ???? ????[/h]?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???
?????? ??? ?????: