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[h=3]??????[/h]???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? 2500 ??? ??? ???????

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??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???*?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? – block printing ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????*??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? “???? ?? ?????” ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 25 ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????.
?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? –*screw press*???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????*?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???*??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????.

???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????*????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????.
[h=3]?????? ???????[/h]???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????

???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? “?????” ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? (??? ?? ???? ?? ????) ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????.
??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (??????????) ?????????? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????*?????? ????. ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? Thomas Newcomen ???? ???? ?? ??? 1712 ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? 1769 ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????*????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1781?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????.

????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? Richard Trevithick ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? . ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????.
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????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1870? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? – Ediswan.
???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? filament? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????????. ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????.
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