ممكن احد يترجملي ارجكم من دون برامج ترجمة
ارجوكم حتى لو تترجم الوحدة منكم صفحة والثاني تكمل لكن تكفون بسرعة امتحاني بعد بكرة
النص:
William Shakespeare
Words you should know
Introduction
In England in the century, drama moved out of the church .Plays were performed on wagon which paraded around the towns. The moving noisy audience had to be stilled and held by the power of the play and the skill of the actors. The popularity of these plays. Which continue to be performed into the sixteenth century , suggests that this skill must have been considerable .
In the late fourteenth and early fifteenth century maskers or mummers made their appearance. The masque was from Italy, and was introduced into England during the region of Henry VIII (1509-47) the maskers would present various kinds of dances, dumb-shows, and games, and the spectators would join in. Although this form of entertainment never developed into a fully dramatic form, it was the only dramatic entertainment offered until secular plays become fashionable with the building of James Burbage’s Theatre in 1576.
Europe burst the shackles of the medieval spirit in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries: A new principle of self realization and a passion for power and glory animated Europe; the theater responded by becoming sensuous and joyful, then by examining the human will.
If the theatre’s first great age was in Greek time, its second great age was that of the Elizabethan dramatists.
The times were lively and life was full of spectacle .The Elizabethan playwrights created a drama devoted to the intensities of human experience. Lets look briefly at the man many people consider to be greatest playwright of all.
Shakespeare :
Shakespeare was born in April in 1564, in a comfortable black-beamed house in Henley Street, Stratford-on-Avon, a market town in England. We know nothing of his late boyhood, but we do know that he married Anne Hatha way when he was eighteen years old; she was twenty-six.
By the time he was twenty, they had three children. Shakespeare left Stratford in 1587 and moved to London. This was the lively London of Elizabeth I, at about the time of the English victory over the 'invincible' Spanish Armada. Queen Elizabeth loved theatre and music had he been born ten years earlier or later, Shakespeare might never have been what he was. He was born at just the right moment in history. England was entering a golden age, and dramatists were in great demand. This was the age of Edmund Spenser, Ben Johnson and Christopher Maelowe.
Towards the end of the century London had five theatres. These were modelled on inns, where performances of plays had been held previously. The main part of the acting stage consisted of a platform, jutting out into the auditorium, around three sides of which the audience would gather. Trap doors were built into the stage, with machinery for raising demons and fairies; a balcony was used for balcony scene, castle battlements city wall, etc; above this were dressing rooms and storage space for wardrobe and props.
There were few props in Shakespeare’s plays. The actors to be very versatile, as each had to play different parts in the same play, improvising and turning rapidly from tragic to comic roles, and the audience accepted that all female parts were played by boys whose voice had not yet broken.
But the words Shakespeare wrote would have held the attention of any audience – comedy, romance, historical drama. Tragedy. Shakespeare wrote about mankind in most ways, we can think of.
Lets look at some scenes from some of his plays if you enjoy them, look more deeply at the plays themselves.
Shakespeare’s historical plays were based on two principal sources : Parallel lived of illustrious Greeks and Romans by plutarch, a Greek essayist and biographer of the first century , and the Chronicles of England. Scotland and Ireland, written in 1578 by the English historical Holinshed. Those plays set in Rome were based on Plutarch’s Lives and those set in England on the Chronicles .Throughout his historical plays, Shakespeare adapts freely; the characters are often intriguing and colorful, the words magnificent, and the stories probably historical inaccurate.
The tragedies:
In his greatest tragedies, Shakespeare grapples with the whole world on a scale only approximated by the great tragedians of Greece. When his tragic hero swerves from reasonable conduct, there is a cosmic collapse , but Shakespeare still manages to balance his picture with humour; in the midst of the bloodstained Macbeths we find the porter , drunk and rambling; a sad , indecisive Hamlet enjoys laughing at the gravediggers.
There are few scenes more moving than the scene from King Lear , where Lear comes on stage carrying the dead body of his daughter ,Cordelia
Enter Hamlet
Hamlet To be , or not to be ; that is the question;
Whether tis noble in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
Or to make arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them. To die, to sleep
No more – and by a sleep to say we end
The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks
That flesh is heir to! Tis a consummation
Devoutly to be wished . to die . to sleep
To sleep – perchance to dream ay there’s the rub
For in that sleep of death what dreams may come
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
Must give us pause. There’s the respect
That makes calamity of so long life;
For who would bear the whips and scorns of time
Th, oppressor’s wrong , the proud man’s contumely
The pangs of despised love, the law’s delay
The insolence of office and the spurns
That patient merit of the unworthy takes
When he himself might his quietus make
With a bare bodkin ? who would fardels bear
To grunt and sweat under a weary life
But that the dread of something after death
The undiscovered country , from whose bourn
No traveler returns, puzzles the will
And make us rather bear those ills we have
Than fly to others that we know not of?
Thus conscience does make cowards of us all
And thus the native hue of resolution
Is sick lied o’er with pale cast of thought .
And enterprises of great pitch and moment,
With this regard their currents turn awry
And lose the name of action – Soft you now
The fair Ophelia – Nymph in thy orisons
Be all my sins remembered.
Although we may identify , at some time in our lives, with a Hamlet or a Lear , there are characters in Shakespeare’s tragedies that are almost outside the pale of humanity – but still believable .Goneril and Regan Lear’s two ungrateful daughters, are personifications of evil itself; I ago , the villain in Othello, has the mind of a diseased demon; Macbeth is a murderous madman, but a madman who can comment upon the futility of life. we wonder if Shakespeare thought this way.
Words you should know
Bombastic : given to pompous or extravagant language.
Flamboyant: florid, ornate, vivid in colour; ostentatious, over- elaborate ,showly
Restoration : the re-establishment of something in its original form.
Comedy of : a comedy where customs and manners of the
day over emphasized for dramatic effect.
Elizabeth1 as the Queen in Shakespeare's time; she died in 1603, and with her died the Tudor line of monarchs. The Stuarts followed, and the first kings, James 1 and Charles1 were not popular. Elizabeth as a difficult act to follow.
Civil war broke out in England, and Charles was defeated by Oliver Cromwell and his Republican followers Charles was executed in 1647. Cromwell ruled England until 1658, and two years later Charles II was restored to the throne.
Cromwell/’s reign was puritanical and joyless. When England decided to execute Charles1 , theater was murdered too. During the Puritan period Cromwell ordered that all theaters be closed.
When the Restoration of the monarchy occurred , and Charles II returned from exile in 1660, the audiences at the newly-opened theaters were mainly courtiers and their attendants. The audiences were self-centred and fashionably noisy- and the actors tried to get their attention with flamboyant words and gestures.
So theatre had changed from that of the Elizabethan era; the old theatres were unusable, and the old style of acting was lost. Two kinds of drama flourished, both very artificial: the bombastic heroic tragedy and the comedy of manners.
The first actress appeared on the English stage, and she played Desdemona in Othello on 8th December 1660. Although Sheridan wrote in the eighteenth century, his comedies are modelled on the Restoration comedies and are indicative of what the best Restoration theater had to offer- artificial , witty language used by larger than life characters, with undercurrents of deception.
Let's look briefly at his play The Rivals, one of the few eighteenth century plays which is still performed today.
Lydia Languish is in love with a younger soldier, Ensign Beverly , but her guardian ,Mrs Malaprop has arranged a marriage with a Captain Absolute. Actually Captain Absolute and Ensign Beverly are the same person.
Mrs Malaprop is averu famous character in drama she gets words terribly confused, and uses them incorrectly , as we can see from her speech on the necessity of learning for young women.
Sir Anthony : Why, Mrs Malaprop, in moderation , now what would you have a women know?
Mrs MMalaprop : Observe me ,Sir Anthony, I would by no means wish a daughter of mine to be a progeny of learning ; I don't think so much learning become a young women ; for instance- I would never let her meddle with Greek, or Hebrew, or Algebra, or Simony, or Fluxions, or Paradoxes, or such inflammatory branches of learning – neither would it be necessary for her to handle any of your mathematical , astronomical , diabolical instrument; - But Sir Anthony I would send her at nine years old , to a boarding –school , in order to learn a little ingenuity and artifice . then sir should have a supercilious knowledge in accounts; - and as she grew up, I would have her instructed in geometry, that she might know something of the contagious countries- but above all , Sir Anthony , she should be mistress of orthodoxy, that she might not misspell, and mispronounce words so shamefully as girls usually do , and likewise that she might reprehend the true meaning of what she is saying . This .Sir Anthony, is what I would have a women know; - and I don't think there is a superstitious article in it .