[h=3]?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????????. ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???.[/h][h=3][/h]???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????.*???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? Hardware ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? Protocols? ??? ???????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? Routers ?? ???? ?????? ?????? Network Access Points ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???????.

??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????.*???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???. ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? *????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????.

????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? Internet Backbone. ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ARPANET ???? ???? ??????? (??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????) ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? Internet Backbone? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? Internet Service Providers ?? ISP*??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? Internet Backbone*??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? (????? ???? ???????)? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ADSL ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????.

???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ????????.*??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? Internet Exchange Points*??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????*????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???.
????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? Local Area Networks LAN ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????. ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????????.

?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? Protocols? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????:
The Internet Society: ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????????.
(The Internet Engineering Task Force*(IETF: ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????????.
(The Internet Architecture Board*(IAB: ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????*IETF ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????.
(The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers*(ICANN: ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??(Domain Name System*(DNS*????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? (????? ??????? ibda3world.com ?????) ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? IP ?????? ????? ??.

?????*IETF ?The Internet Society ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????*ICANN ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? (????? ?????) ??? ????????? ???? ?????*ICANN ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????*registrars ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????*ICANN ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??.*????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????.

[h=3]ARPANET*???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ARPANET ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ARPANET ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ARPAnet ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? DARPA*??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????????.[/h]



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